CPL Requirements

APPENDIX 1. FLIGHT CREW LICENCES AND AIRCRAFT CATEGORY RATINGS

You must be at least 18 years old to get your CPL. You also need to do the following for the category rating you want to get with your CPL:

learn the theory
complete flight training at a CASR Part 141 or 142 training organisation
meet the minimum aeronautical experience requirements (see below for more information)
pass the CPL theory exam for the category rating set by CASA
pass a CPL flight test for the licence and category rating.

Unit 1.2.9 CAKC: CPL aeronautical knowledge – all aircraft categories

2. Aircraft general knowledge

2.1 Power plants

2.1.1 Describe the purpose and principle of operation of a simple carburettor in terms of the following:

(a) idling jets;

(b) main jets;

2.1.2 State the precautions to be observed to avoid detonation when operating a supercharged engine.

2.1.3 Supercharging

(a) state the purpose of supercharging;

(b) list the types of superchargers for the following:

(i) geared (mechanically driven:

(ii) turbo (exhaust driven);

(i) geared superchargers:

(ii) impeller;

(A) diffuser;

(iii) turbo-chargers

(A) compressor;

(B) waste gate (fixed, manual and automatic).

2.2 Aircraft systems

2.2.1 Explain the function of the following typical components mentioned in pilot operating handbooks:

(a) fuel system components, including the following:

(i) auxiliary/booster pump;

(ii) fuel drain;

(iii) fuel pressure gauge;

(iv) fuel flow gauge;

(v) check valves;

(b) lubrication system, including the following:

(i) by-pass valves;

(ii) oil cooler;

(iii) wet sump system;

(iv) dip stick;

(i) alternator generator;

(ii) voltage regulator overvoltage relay;

(iii) ammeter voltmeter;

(iv) circuit breaker fuse;

(v) battery ampere hours;

(vi) bus bar battery master switch;

(vii) starter motor starter relay;

(viii) dual ignition distributor ignition switch;

(ix) external power receptacle, ground/flight switch;

2.2 Aircraft systems

(d) hydraulic system components, including the following:

(i) accumulator;

(ii) actuators;

(iii) check valve restrictors;

(e) typical fire protection detectors, including the following:

(i) overheat – thermal switches;

(ii) rate of temperature rise – thermocouple;

(iii) flame;

(f) typical fire protection warning devices, including the following:

(i) lights;

(ii) audio;

(g) types of fire extinguisher and usage;

(h) engine cooling devices, including the following:

(i) fins;

(ii) baffles;

(iii) cowl flaps.

2.2 Aircraft systems

(d) hydraulic system components, including the following:

(i) accumulator;

(ii) actuators;

(iii) check valve restrictors;

(e) typical fire protection detectors, including the following:

(i) overheat – thermal switches;

(ii) rate of temperature rise – thermocouple;

(iii) flame;

(f) typical fire protection warning devices, including the following:

(i) lights;

(ii) audio;

(g) types of fire extinguisher and usage;

(h) engine cooling devices, including the following:

(i) fins;

(ii) baffles;

(iii) cowl flaps.

2.2.2 Describe or state the function of the typical retractable undercarriage system components mentioned in pilot operating handbooks, including the following:

(a) uplocks/downlocks;

(b) anti-retraction devices;

(d) emergency systems;

(e) free fall;

(f) electric, hydraulic, pneumatic.

2.2 Aircraft systems

2.2.3 Describe or state the function of the following typical components mentioned in pilot operating handbooks, including considering the possibility of overpowering the system and the associated precautions pilots should take when operating these system:

(a) fuel system components, including the following:

(i) auxiliary/booster pump;

(ii) fuel drain;

(iii) fuel pressure gauge;

(iv) fuel flow gauge;

(v) check valves.

(b) lubrication system, including the following:

(i) by-pass valves;

(ii) oil cooler;

(iii) wet sump system;

(iv) dip stick.

(d) electrical and ignition systems, including the following:

(i) alternator generator;

(ii) voltage regulator overvoltage relay;

(iii) ammeter voltmeter;

(iv) circuit breaker fuse;

(v) battery ampere hours;

(vi) bus bar battery master switch;

(vii) starter motor starter relay;

(viii) dual ignition distributor ignition switch;

(ix) external power receptacle, ground/flight switch;

2.2 Aircraft systems

(e) hydraulic system, including the following:

(i) accumulator;

(ii) actuators;

(iii) brake master cylinder;

(iv) check valve restrictors.

(f) auto-pilot, including the following:

(i) roll attitude heading pitch controls;

(ii) trim indicator;

(iii) cut-out mechanisms.

(g) typical fire protection detectors, including the following:

(i) overheat – thermal switches;

(i) rate of temperature rise – thermocouple;

(ii) flame;

(h) typical fire protection warning devices, including the following:

(i) lights;

(ii) audio;

(i) types of fire extinguishers and usage;

(j) engine cooling devices, including the following:

(i) fins;

(ii) baffles;

(iii) cowl flaps.

2.3 Barometric flight instruments

2.3.1 Explain the relationship between the following airspeeds:

(a) indicated (IAS);

(b) calibrated (CAS);

(d) equivalent (EAS).

2.3.2 Explain the basic principle of operation and construction of the following instruments:

(a) ASI;

(b) VSI;

(d) artificial horizon;

(e) direction indicator;

(f) rate of turn indicator;

(g) turn coordinator.

2.3.3 State the effect of the following factors on the accuracy of pressure instrument indications:

(a) ASI:

(i) blockage/leaks (pitot or static); and

(ii) manoeuvre induced errors (for example, sharp pull out from a dive);

(b) VSI:

(i) blockage of the static source; and

(ii) lag;

Note: Student should be aware that an IVSI compensates for lag errors.

(i) blockage of the static source; and

(ii) lag; and

(iii) incorrect subscale settings; and

(iv) errors due to changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure.

2.4 Gyroscopic flight instruments

2.4.1 Explain the gyroscopic properties of rigidity and precession.

2.4.2 In relation to gyroscopic flight instruments:

(a) compare the advantages and disadvantages of air driven and electrically driven gyroscopes;

(b) state the effect on a directional indicator of the following:

(i) apparent wander/drift;

(ii) maximum at the poles, zero at the equator;

(iii) transport wander;

2.5 Direct reading magnetic compass

2.5.1 Describe the principle of construction of a magnetic compass.

2.5.2 Explain how needles point to magnetic north.

2.5.3 Describe how fluid decreases oscillations and friction and why the chamber should not contain air bubbles.

2.5.4 Explain how pendulosity of magnet systems causes errors.

2.6 Aeronautical radio telephony

2.6.1 Operation of aeronautical radio systems:

(a) recall the phonetic alphabet and the method of transmitting numerals;

(b) recall the correct use of aircraft call-signs;

(d) state how transmission of time is conducted;

(e) state how to listening to the radio;

(f) state how to establish and maintain communications;

(g) state the hazards of clipped transmissions and the consequences.

2.6.2 Correct procedure for the conduct of a routine pre-flight test of an aircraft radio-telephone in the following:

(a) use of radio transmit and receive selector switches;

(b) turning radio on;

(d) use of squelch control;

(e) selection of radio navigation equipment;

(f) correct use of a microphone;

(g) use of intercom and public address system;

(h) voice activated systems.

2.6.3 State procedure for routine fault finding and correction.

2.6.4 State the standard phraseology for positions in the circuit and required calls for local flights.

2.6.5 State the responsibilities of an aeronautical radio operator with respect to the following:

(a) secrecy of communications;

(b) unauthorised transmissions.

2.6.6 State the function of the following components of an aeronautical radio system:

(a) power source/battery switch, radio master, fuses and circuit breakers;

(b) microphone;

(d) receiver;

(e) antenna;

(f) headphones and speaker.

2.6.7 Describe the difference between a distress and emergency message and the standard phrases used.

2.6.8 Extract radio failure procedures from ERSA.

2.6.9 In relation to the use of an aeronautical radiotelephone describe the controls used to transmit and receive, including audio panel selections.

2.7 Radio waves

2.7.1 Describe the basic principles and characteristics of radio waves, wave propagation, transmission and reception:

(a) radio frequency band ranges (MF, HF, VHF, UHF);

(b) properties of radio waves and the effective range of transmissions;

(i) ground waves;

(ii) sky waves;

(d) factors affecting the propagation of radio waves and reception with respect to the following:

(i) terrain;

(ii) ionosphere;

(iii) sun spot activity;

(iv) interference from electrical equipment;

(v) thunderstorms;

(vi) power attenuation;

(e) the following types of radio antennas:

(i) characteristics of antennas;

(ii) use of antennas.

2.7.2 Describe the limitations of VHF and HF signals and factors affecting quality of reception and range of signal.

Unit 1.2.10 CAKA: CPL aeronautical knowledge – aeroplane

2. Engine and systems

2.1 Propellers

2.1.1 Compare the performance characteristics of various propeller and engine systems, including the following:

(a) aeroplanes with fixed pitch propellers and those fitted with a variable pitch propeller;

(b) engine operation (within limits) at high MP/low RPM and low MP/high RPM;

2.1.2 Explain the following with regard to a variable pitch propeller adopting either a full fine or full coarse pitch when the propeller oil pressure is lost:

(a) centrifugal twisting moment (CTM) tends to reduce (fine) pitch;

(b) counter weights, when used, increase (coarsen) pitch;

(d) oil pressure is used to increase pitch if counterweights are not fitted.

2.1.3 Describe the following terms:

(a) blade angle, helix angle/pitch;

(b) propeller thrust and torque;

(d) brake horsepower (BHP);

(e) asymmetric blade effect.

2.1.4 Describe how a propeller converts engine power into thrust and explain what is meant by fine and course pitch stops.

2.2 Constant speed units (CSU)

2.2.1 Explain the principle of operation of a CSU.

2.2.2 Describe the effect of a CSU malfunction on engine operation.

2.2.3 Explain the method of using engine controls in the event of a malfunction of a CSU.

2.2.4 Describe the cockpit indications in an aeroplane fitted with a variable pitch propeller which could signify:

(a) the presence of engine ice; and

(b) when engine ice has been cleared after application of ‘carb heat’.

2.2.5 Explain the effect of using carburettor heat on aeroplanes fitted with a CSU.

2.2.6 Describe how power output is controlled when operating aeroplanes fitted with a variable pitch propeller and describe how engine instruments are used to monitor power.

2.2.7 List the precautions necessary if operating a variable pitch propeller when:

(a) conducting ground checks; and

(b) changing power (i.e. use of throttle/RPM levers).

2.3 Undercarriage system

(a) describe the purpose and function of the following:

(i) oleos/shock struts;

(ii) shimmy dampers;

(iii) nose wheel steering/castering;

(b) describe the purpose and function of the following retractable undercarriage components:

(i) uplocks/downlocks;

(ii) anti-retraction devices;

(iii) aural/visual warning devices;

(iv) emergency systems;

(v) free fall;

(vi) electric, hydraulic, pneumatic.

Unit 1.3.1 CADC: CPL aerodynamics – all aircraft categories

2. Aerodynamics

2.1 Changes in angle of attack

2.1.1 Explain the effect of changes in angle of attack up to the stalling angle on the following:

(a) pressure changes above and below an aerofoil;

(b) changes in airflow characteristics streamlined to turbulent;

(d) the boundary layer.

2.1.2 With reference to C_L, C_D, C_L/C_D graphs identify angles of attack associated with the following:

(a) minimum drag – maximum level flight speed;

(b) maximum lift – stalling angle;

2.2 Aerodynamic design features

2.2.1 Explain the purpose of the following design features/controls:

(a) anhedral dihedral aspect ratio sweepback wash-out;

(b) wing spoilers flaps vortex generators;

2.3 Lift and drag

2.3.1 With reference to C_L, C_D, C_L/C_D graphs, explain the angles of attack associated with the following:

(a) minimum drag – maximum level flight speed;

(b) maximum lift – stalling angle;

2.3.2 State the effect on total drag resulting from changes in IAS, aircraft weight and height.

2. Aerodynamics

2.4 Manoeuvres

2.4.1 Explain the relationship between speed, bank angle, radius and rate of turn during a balanced level turn.

2.4.2 For a given IAS, determine the approximate angle of bank to achieve a rate 1 turn (360^o in 2 minutes).

2.4.3 Explain the following:

(a) power must be applied to maintain speed in a level turn;

(b) an aeroplane tends to overbank in level and climbing turns and not in descending turns.

2.4.4 Explain the following:

(a) the effect of aileron drag on turn performance at low airspeed;

(b) how the following design features offset this drag:

(i) frise ailerons;

(ii) differential ailerons.

2. Aerodynamics

2.5 Performance considerations

2.5.1 Using power required and power available graphs, identify the following:

(a) stall speed (power on);

(b) the region of reverse command (sometimes described as the ‘back of the power curve’).

2.5.2 Describe the following terms and cite situations that may result in an aeroplane exceeding load factor and wing loading limits:

(a) load factor;

(b) ‘g’;

2.5.3 Given that certain flight conditions remain constant, explain the effect of the following:

(a) changes in weight and altitude (height) on:

(i) angle of attack and IAS in level flight;

(ii) level flight range and endurance;

(iii) turn rate and radius;

(iv) glide range and endurance;

(b) changes in headwind/tailwind component on:

(i) glide range;

(ii) endurance;

2.5.4 Explain how the energy state of an aircraft changes with changes in altitude and airspeed.

2. Aerodynamics

2.6 Stability and control

2.6.1 Explain the effect of the factors listed below on the stability and control of an aeroplane in each of the following 3 planes of movement:

(a) longitudinal stability:

(i) position of CG;

(ii) movement of centre of pressure;

(iii) changes in thrust;

(iv) tailplane moment;

(b) lateral stability:

(i) high versus low set wings;

(ii) dihedral versus anhedral;

(iii) sweepback;

(i) large fore/aft displacement of the CG;

(ii) large versus small fin and rudder moment.

2.6.2 Describe the relationship between directional and lateral stability (spiral instability) and state the effect of spiral instability on the control of an aeroplane.

2.6.3 Recognise statements/diagrams which describe static and dynamic stability.

2.6.4 Describe the controllability problems associated with flight in the region of reverse command.

2.6.5 Explain the purpose of the following:

(a) trim tabs (fixed and cockpit controlled);

(b) balance tabs;

(d) aerodynamic balance;

(e) mass balance.

2.6.6 Explain the function of the items mentioned in 2.6.5 in relation to the movement of a main control surface.

2. Aerodynamics

2.7 Taxi, take-off and landing

2.7.1 Describe the stability and control characteristics of nose wheel aeroplanes during ground operation.

2.7.2 Describe the result of the following factors on the controllability of an aeroplane:

(a) propeller torque and slipstream effect;

(b) gyroscopic effect;

2.7.3 Describe the term ‘ground effect’ and its effect on aeroplane performance.

2.8 Stalling, spinning and spiral dives

2.8.1 Describe the following:

(a) the symptoms when approaching the stall;

(b) the characteristics of a stall.

2.8.2 Explain the following:

(a) the effect of using ailerons when approaching and during the stall;

(b) why an aeroplane may stall at different speeds.

2.8.3 List the effect (increase/decrease/nil) of the following variables on the level flight stall IAS:

(a) power;

(b) flap;

(d) manoeuvres;

(e) weight;

(f) frost and ice;

(g) altitude.

2.8.4 Describe the aerodynamic principles of stall recovery.

2.8.5 Describe manoeuvres during which an aeroplane may stall at an angle which appears to be different to the true stalling angle.

2.8.6 Differentiate between a spin and a spiral dive in a light aeroplane and describe the standard recovery technique for each manoeuvre.

Unit 1.5.8 CFRC: CPL flight rules and air law – all aircraft categories

2.1 Documentation

2.1.1 Explain the reason for recording flight time in a logbook and state what other information that must be recorded.

2.1.2 Describe the method of obtaining publications and know why it is important to update these documents.

2.1.3 Given an item of operational significance:

(a) select the appropriate reference document – CASR, CAR, CAO, AIP (Book), CAAP; and

(b) extract relevant and current information from these documents.

2.1.4 Decode information contained in ERSA, NOTAM and AIP supplements.

2.1.5 Understand the terms and abbreviations in AIP GEN that are relevant to flight in accordance with VFR.

2.2 Pilot licences, privileges and limitations (CPL)

2.2.1 For the CPL, describe the following:

(a) privileges and limitations of the licence;

(b) recent experience requirements.

2.2.2 Apply the rules pertaining to flight and duty time limitations for CPL licence holders.

2.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight

2.3.1 Describe which documents must be carried on board an aircraft during flight in Australian airspace.

2.3.2 Apply the relevant rules that relate to the following:

(a) carriage and discharge of firearms;

(b) aerodromes where operations are not restricted to runways;

2.2 Pilot licences, privileges and limitations (CPL)

2.2.1 For the CPL, describe the following:

(a) privileges and limitations of the licence;

(b) recent experience requirements.

2.2.2 Apply the rules pertaining to flight and duty time limitations for CPL licence holders.

2.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight

2.3.1 Describe which documents must be carried on board an aircraft during flight in Australian airspace.

2.3.2 Apply the relevant rules that relate to the following:

(a) carriage and discharge of firearms;

(b) aerodromes where operations are not restricted to runways;

2.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight (cont)

2.3.3 Describe the following:

(a) rules of the air;

(b) the requirements relating to the operation of aircraft on, and in the vicinity of, an aerodrome and the conditions relating to turns after take-off;

(d) visual meteorology conditions for operations below 10,000 ft and below 700 ft;

(e) restrictions on smoking in aircraft during take-off, landing and refuelling;

(f) altimetry procedures for flight below 10,000 ft.

2.3.4 Apply the rules relating to the following:

(a) the use of drugs and alcohol and recall the minimum period between alcohol consumption and flight departure;

(b) temporary medical unfitness.

2.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight (cont)

2.3.5 Recall the requirements relating to the minimum heights for flights over the following:

(a) populated areas;

(b) other areas.

2.3.6 Recall the meaning of the following light signals directed at an aircraft:

(a) steady ‘green’ and steady ‘red’;

(b) ‘green’, ‘red’, and ‘white’ flashes.

2.3.7 Apply the limitations imposed on the following:

(a) aerobaitc flight;

(b) flights over public gatherings.

2.3.8 Recall the requirement to plan to and prior to the end of daylight.

2.4 Air service operations

2.4.1 Apply the relevant rules that relate to the following:

(a) a pilot’s responsibilities before flight;

(b) aerodrome meteorological minima;

(d) carriage of:

(i) cargo;

(ii) sick and handicapped persons;

(iii) parachutists;

(iv) dangerous goods;

(v) animals;

(vi) flotation and survival equipment.

2.4 Air service operations

2.4.2 State the requirements to test radio equipment prior to taxi and maintain a listening watch.

2.4.3 Extract the restrictions pertaining to the carriage of passengers on certain flights.

2.4.4 Apply the following rules relating to the responsibility of a pilot in command:

(a) before flight:

(i) requirements of the following:

(A) fuel and oil;

(B) fuelling aircraft;

(ii) appropriate passenger briefing;

(b) during flight, requirements regarding the operation and safety of the aircraft and the authority of the pilot in command.

2.4.5 Recall the following requirements: (cont)

(b) during flight:

(i) seat occupation and seat belt requirements:

(A) occupation of seats;

(B) wearing of seat belts;

(ii) manipulation of aircraft controls:

(A) by pilots;

(B) not permitted by unauthorised persons.

2.4.6 Recall the precautions pertaining to the security of safety harnesses and other equipment prior to solo flight in dual control aircraft.

2.5 Aerodromes

2.5.1 State a pilot’s responsibilities with regard to the use of aerodromes.

2.6 Airspace

2.6.1 Differentiate between the various classifications of airspace.

2.6.2 With respect to the following terms listed in (a) to (g), explain each term and, if applicable, identify airspace boundaries on appropriate charts, and extract vertical limits of designated airspace from charts or ERSA:

(a) flight information service FIR, FIA, OCTA;

(b) ATC service CTA, CTR, controlled airspace;

(d) VFR route and lanes of entry;

(e) PRD areas;

(f) CTAF areas;

(g) controlled aerodromes.

2.6 Airspace (cont)

2.6.3 Apply permitted tracking tolerances for VFR aircraft to avoid controlled airspace.

2.6.4 Describe the requirements for obtaining clearances, making reports and broadcasts, and describe the procedures for requesting clearances, making reports and broadcasts, and the pilot actions to be taken on receiving an instruction from ATC to be adopted when operating in the following:

(a) in any class of airspace;

(b) from or into:

(i) a certified or registered aerodrome;

(ii) an uncertified aerodrome.

2.7 Altimetry

2.7.1 Recall the datum from which an altimeter indicates height when the following are set on the subscale:

(a) area QNH;

(b) local QNH;

(d) standard pressure setting.

2.7.2 Recall the procedures that are carried out with the altimeter at the transition altitude and the transition layer on climb and descent.

2.7.3 Derive from AIP the transition layer for any given area QNH.

2.7.4 Recall the method of using an altimeter to derive Local QNH.

2.7.5 Calculate height error caused by setting the altimeter subscale incorrectly.

2.7.6 Recall the meaning of the following:

(a) height;

(b) altitude;

2.7.7 Recall the following parameters from the ICAO standard atmosphere:

(a) MSL temperature;

(b) pressure lapse rate.

2.8 Emergencies, accidents, incidents

2.8.1 State the conditions under which a pilot may declare a mercy flight and select occasions when a mercy flight must not be undertaken.

2.8.2 Extract from AIP the responsibilities of a pilot regarding the notification of accidents and incidents.

2.8.3 Describe examples of ‘hazards to navigation’ that must be reported by pilots.

2.9 Security

2.9.1 Explain the term ADIZ and extract:

(a) the general requirements for operations in this zone; and

(b) the action by the pilot of the intercepted aircraft.

2.9.2 State the powers vested in a pilot in command.

2.10 Airworthiness and equipment

2.10.1 State the purpose of certificates of airworthiness and registration.

2.10.2 Given a typical scenario, extract from regulations, orders and instructions the communication and normal and emergency equipment required to be on board an aircraft.

2.10.3 State the responsibilities of a pilot in command with regard to:

(a) daily inspections; and

(b) recording and reporting aircraft defects.

2.10.4 Describe the types of maintenance that may be carried out by the holder of a CPL.

2.10.5 Given a copy of a maintenance release:

(a) determine its validity; and

(b) describe the types of operations authorised in the aircraft; and

Unit 1.5.9 CFRA: CPL flight rules and air law – aeroplane

2.1 Flight crew licensing

2.1.1 Describe the requirements for holding flight crew licences, ratings and endorsements that apply to aeroplane operations.

2.1.2 Describe the obligations aeroplane pilots must comply with in relation to general competency, flight reviews and proficiency checks.

2.2 Air operations

2.2.1 Describe circuit procedures for aeroplane operations.

2.2.2 Describe the requirements for operating in Class C and D airspace and special VFR clearance provisions.

2.2.3 State the minimum flight instruments required to operate an aeroplane under VFR.

2.2.4 State the rules for placarding unserviceable instruments.

Unit 1.6.2 CHFC: CPL Human factors

2. Fitness for flight

2.1 Basic health

2.1.1 Explain the effect and importance on pilot performance of the following factors:

(a) diet, exercise;

(b) coronary risk factors – smoking, cholesterol, obesity, hereditary factors;

(d) food poisoning and other digestive problems;

(e) headaches and migraines;

(f) pregnancy:

(i) when to stop flying; and

(ii) impact on cockpit ergonomics;

(g) injuries;

(h) ageing;

(i) alcohol and smoking;

(j) blood donations;

(k) dehydration;

(l) emotional – anxiety, depression, fear.

2.1.2 Explain why a pilot is not to fly when on any medication unless a medical clearance from a DAME has been obtained.

2. Fitness for flight

2.2 Health and fitness

2.2.1 Explain the reasons for, and frequency of, physical examinations and that a CASA network of DAMEs exists.

2.2.2 Explain the role of the CASA with regard to medical fitness and that only those conditions which present a flight safety hazard are disqualifying.

2.3 Alcohol

(a) explain how alcohol is absorbed and excreted;

(b) state and explain what a ‘hangover’ is;

(d) explain the relationship between a ‘hangover’ and level of blood alcohol in a person;

(e) explain the relationship between the level of blood alcohol and the recovery period from a ‘hangover’;

(f) state the factors that affect the elimination of alcohol from the body and describe the effects of illicit drugs and alcohol on proficiency, for example:

(i) judgment, comprehension, attention to detail; and

(ii) the senses, coordination and reaction times.

2. Fitness for flight

2.4 Drugs

2.4.1 Explain that drug abuse is a behavioural problem and is independent of:

(a) dependence (addiction); and

(b) frequent use.

2.4.2 Define illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.

2.4.3 Explain the adverse effects of illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.

2.4.4 Explain the effects and duration of such effects on human performance related to perception, speed of processing information, and reaction time of such drugs as:

(a) cannabis-based substances, for example, marijuana, ganja; and

(b) amphetamine-based substances, for example, ecstasy; and

2.5 Blood donations

2.5.1 Explain the effect on flying after giving a blood donation.

2.6 Hyperventilation

2.6.1 Describe the effects of hyperventilation on the human body.

2.7 Atmospheric pressure changes

2.7.1 Trapped gases

(a) describe the effect of changes in pressure on gases trapped in the body cavities; and

(b) describe the effect on normal bodily function; and

2. Fitness for flight

2.8 Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions

2.8.1 Describe the limitations of the eye in discerning objects at night and the ‘off‑centre’ method of identifying objects at night.

2.8.2 Explain the limitations of the eye with respect to:

(a) the ability to discern objects during flight, for example, other aircraft, transmission lines etc; and

(b) empty field myopia; and

(d) colour vision in aviation; and

(e) common visual problems, viz myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia; and

(f) rotor flicker and its effects (helicopters only).

2.8.3 Know of the factors which are conducive to mid-air collisions and describe/practice techniques for visual ‘scanning’.

2.8.4 Describe the sensory systems involved in maintaining body equilibrium i.e. that equilibrium is normally maintained by use of the eyes, inner ear and proprioceptive system (‘seat of pants’).

2.8.5 Describe illusion(s) that may be associated with the factors listed below:

(a) ‘leans’; and

(b) linear and angular accelerations; and

(d) autokinetic illusions; and

(e) ‘graveyard spin’ illusion; and

(f) somatogravic illusion.

2. Fitness for flight

2.8 Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions (cont)

2.8.6 Explain:

(a) that sensory illusions usually occur when external visual clues are poor or ambiguous and that they are predictable; and

(b) the importance of an artificial visual reference system and a pilot’s ability to use the system; and

(d) how to overcome sensory illusions.

2.9 Motion sickness

2.9.1 Describe the cause of motion sickness.

2.9.2 Explain the factors which may aggravate motion sickness.

2.10 Acceleration ‘g’ effects

2.10.1 Describe the effects of positive and negative accelerations on the human body, include:

(a) on the cardiovascular systems; and

(b) vision; and

2. Fitness for flight

2.11 Toxic hazards

2.11.1 Describe the sources, symptoms, effects and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.

2.11.2 Explain the effect of breathing air contaminated by fuel and other noxious or toxic aviation products.

2.12 The atmosphere and associated problems

2.12.1 Describe the chemical composition of the atmosphere and recall the variation of temperature and pressure with altitude.

2.12.2 Describe the circumstances where there is a risk of a pilot suffering symptoms associated with the ‘bends’ (release of nitrogen in the bloodstream), for example, rapid rate of climb in unpressurised aircraft to altitudes in excess of FL180 or continued flight at altitude following failure of the aircraft pressurisation system.

2.12.3 Describe what is meant by the partial pressure of oxygen.

2.13 Hypoxia

2.13.1 Describe the causes of hypoxia and recognise the symptoms of hypoxia particularly:

(a) its effect on night vision; and

(b) the dangers of behavioural changes, for example, lack of self-criticism, overconfidence and a false sense of security; and

(c) know that symptoms are difficult to detect in healthy individuals and can develop much faster at higher altitudes, for example, 14,000 ft; and

(d) list factors which may increase a person’s susceptibility to hypoxia; and

(e) state the approximate time of useful consciousness (effective performance time: EPT) at 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000 ft and list factors which affect EPT; and

(f) list methods of combating various forms of hypoxia.

2. Fitness for flight

2.14 Human factors considerations

2.14.1 Know the basic concepts of information processing and decision making, including:

(a) how sensory information is used to form mental images; and

(b) the influence of the following factors on the decision-making process:

(i) personality traits, for example, introvert/extrovert;

(ii) pride, peer pressure, employer pressure;

(iii) the desire to get the task done;

(iv) anxiety, overconfidence, boredom, complacency;

(v) types of memory – long- and short-term;

(vi) memory limitations;

(vii) aides memoire, rules of thumb;

(viii) work load/overload;

(ix) skill, experience, currency.

2.14.2 Discuss the general concepts behind decision making and the methods of enhancing decision‑making skills.

2.14.3 Concepts of stress:

(a) know the interaction between stress and arousal and the effects of short- and long-term stress on pilot performance and health; and

(b) know the symptoms, causes and effects of environmental stress working in an excessively hot, cold, vibrating or noisy environment; and

(d) know the effects of stress on performance; and

(e) know the principles of stress management, for example:

(i) cognitive and behavioural techniques; and

(ii) relaxation; and

(iii) time management.

2. Fitness for flight

2.15 Threat and error management

2.15.1 Explain the principles of TEM and detail a process to identify and manage threats and errors during single-pilot operations.

2.15.2 Explain the meaning of ‘threat’ and give examples of threats:

(a) give an example of a committed error and how action could be taken to ensure safe flight;

(b) explain how the use of checklists and standard operating procedures can prevent errors;

(d) explain what resources a pilot could identify and use to avoid or manage an undesired aircraft, state such as being lost or entering adverse weather;

(e) explain the importance of ensuring that tasks are prioritised to manage an undesired aircraft state;

(f) describe how establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships can promote safe flight.

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Unit 1.7.2 CNVC: CPL navigation – all aircraft categories

2. Navigation

2.1 Form of the earth

2.1.1 Explain the following terms listed in (a) to (g):

(a) the shape and rotation of the earth; and

(b) latitude, longitude; and

(d) great circles, small circles, rhumb lines; and

(e) difference between true and magnetic north; and

(f) terrestrial magnetism, magnetic variation and the change in variation with time; and

(g) distance on the earth i.e. relationship between a minute of latitude and a nautical mile; and, if applicable, their effect on:

(i) position on the earth; and

(ii) time differences; and

(iii) distance and direction.

2. Navigation

2.2 Time

2.2.1 Explain the terms UTC, local mean time, local (standard) time, local summer time.

2.2.2 Determine within +/- 5 min the beginning and end of civil twilight from AIP daylight and darkness graphs.

2.2.3 Complete conversions between:

(a) LMT, UTC, local (standard) times, including local summer time.

2.2.4 List factors which may cause daylight to end earlier than the time extracted from AIP darkness graphs.

2.2.5 Describe the effect of the earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun on the:

(a) beginning and end of daylight;

(b) period of daylight.

2.2.6 Describe the effect of changes in longitude on Local Mean Time.

2. Navigation

2.3 Charts and publications

2.3.1 From:

(a) AIP visual charts, that is ERC, VTC and AUS PCA, including any subsequent changes to charts required for flight under VFR; and

(b) ERSA;

select the chart(s) or document(s) which contain information about a given item of operational significance.

2.3.2 Decode symbols and apply information displayed on AIP visual charts.

2.3.3 Interpret topographic detail and decode symbols displayed on a WAC and VTC.

2.3.4 On WAC and AIP visual charts using chart and latitude scale:

(a) estimate tracks and distances; and

(b) measure rhumb line track; and

(d) plot a position given:

(i) latitude and longitude; and

(ii) bearing and distance.

2. Navigation

2.3 Charts and publications

2.3.5 Describe the different kinds of map projections used in aviation and:

(a) identify the following properties of a Lamberts Conformal:

(i) appearance of rhumb lines, great circles, meridians and the graticule;

(ii) distortion of shapes and areas;

(iii) scale variation;

(b) describe the methods of representing scale.

2. Navigation

2.4 Computations

2.4.1 Review computations and conversions and:

(a) solve GS, distance, fuel used, fuel required, fuel remaining and fuel consumption problems, given appropriate combinations of these factors; and

(b) solve CAS/TAS problems given air temperature and pressure height; and

(d) determine TR given HDG, TAS, W/V; and

(e) solve problems relating to rates/gradients of climb and descent; and

(f) determine TOPC and TOPD position using average airspeed, W/V, and rates of climb/descent.

2. Navigation

2.5 Pilot navigation

2.5.1 Principles of map reading:

(a) describe the method of chart orientation; and

(b) list situations when a pilot should read:

(i) from map to ground; and

(ii) from ground to map; and

(i) ground speed; and

(ii) track error; and

(iii) a fix; and

(d) select appropriate ground features to establish position when flying:

(i) at low level (500 ft AGL); and

(ii) between (approximately) 2,000 and 10,000 ft; and

(iii) over mountainous terrain, coastal areas, densely populated and sparsely populated areas.

2.5.2 Chart preparation and selection (practice):

(a) draw tracks, track error lines, time/distance markings; and

(b) given a route – select WAC(s) and appropriate AIP ‘visual charts’.

2. Navigation

2.5 Pilot navigation

2.5.2 Chart preparation and selection (practice):

(a) draw tracks, track error lines, time/distance markings; and

(b) given a route – select WAC(s) and appropriate AIP ‘visual charts’.

2.5.3 With reference to a planned or given track and given appropriate data:

(a) determine track made good (TMG); and

(b) calculate drift; and

(i) parallel track; and

(ii) intercept track at a nominated point; and

(iii) maintain track once track is intercepted; and

(d) revise/confirm estimates or ETA using latest ground speed or time/distance proportion; and

(e) establish a DR position using latest TR and GS; and

(f) using a map plotter, employ mental dead reckoning and proportional techniques to solve inflight navigational problems, including:

(i) mentally apply the 1 in 60 rule; and

(ii) mentally revise estimates/ETA’s; and

(iii) estimate TR and ETI to a selected diversion point.

2. Navigation

2.6 Radio navigation aids

2.6.1 Describe how to identify an aid and state the frequency of a nominated NDB or VOR.

2.6.2 Extract NDB and VOR information from ERSA or ERC and state the rated coverage of a VOR up to 10,000 ft.

2.6.3 State the effect (in Australia) of the following errors on the reliability of ADF cockpit indications:

(a) co-channel interference;

(b) mountain effect;

(d) coastal refraction.

2.6.4 Explain why information pertaining to broadcasting stations is included in ERSA.

2.6.5 Recall the ‘aggregate’ error of a VOR and explain what is meant by ‘scalloping’.

2.6.6 Establish a position line given:

(a) HDG and ADF data; and

(b) VOR indications.

2.6.7 Describe how to use the VOR to determine TR to or from a station.

2.6.8 Describe how to use an ADF or VOR to home to a station, and recognise instrument indications that signify station passage.

2.6.9 Establish fixes and use these fixes to make off-track corrections using a DME distance and the following:

(a) HDG and ADF data; or

(b) VOR indications.

Unit 1.8.3 CMTC: CPL meteorology – all aircraft categories

2. Meteorology

2.1 Composition of the atmosphere

2.1.1 Describe the process of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation and the factors that affect them.

2.1.2 Explain the processes by which the sun’s energy is redistributed within the atmosphere and explain:

(a) conduction;

(b) advection;

(d) latent heat;

(e) radiation.

2.2 Heat, temperature, pressure and humidity

2.2.1 A student should:

(a) describe the method of measuring surface air temperature and know that actual temperatures may be much higher, for example, above a runway; and

(b) know the meaning of the following terms:

(i) isotherm;

(ii) radiation, advection, convection, conduction;

(iii) isobar, horizontal pressure gradient;

(iv) saturated air, relative humidity, dew point;

(v) evaporation, condensation, freezing.

2.2.2 List the effect of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity on air density.

2.2.3 List factors that influence the diurnal variation of surface air temperature and explain the temperature gradient between land and sea surfaces.

2. Meteorology

2.3 Atmospheric stability

2.3.1 Differentiate between stable, unstable and conditionally atmospheric conditions.

2.3.2 Understanding of adiabatic process and the parcel method of assessing stability.

2.4 Clouds and precipitation

2.4.1 Identify and classify cloud ‘types’:

(a) classifications required are:

(i) high, medium, low; and

(ii) cumuliform, stratiform:

(A) examples of ‘type’ are Cu, Ci etc.

2.4.2 State the standard abbreviation for each cloud type, and the method used to report cloud amount.

2.4.3 Describe the weather associated with each cloud type.

2.4.4 Differentiate between drizzle, rain, showers and virga.

2.4.5 Select statements that describe the conditions necessary for the formation/dispersal of various types of cloud.

2.5 Visibility

2.5.1 Know the method used in meteorological forecasts and reports to determine visibility.

2.5.2 Describe the term ‘runway visual range’.

2.5.3 Give reasons for differences between ‘inflight’ and ‘reported’ visibility.

2.5.4 List meteorological factors that will reduce inflight visibility.

2. Meteorology

2.3 Atmospheric stability

2.3.1 Differentiate between stable, unstable and conditionally atmospheric conditions.

2.3.2 Understanding of adiabatic process and the parcel method of assessing stability.

2.4 Clouds and precipitation

2.4.1 Identify and classify cloud ‘types’:

(a) classifications required are:

(i) high, medium, low; and

(ii) cumuliform, stratiform:

(A) examples of ‘type’ are Cu, Ci etc.

2.4.2 State the standard abbreviation for each cloud type, and the method used to report cloud amount.

2.4.3 Describe the weather associated with each cloud type.

2.4.4 Differentiate between drizzle, rain, showers and virga.

2.4.5 Select statements that describe the conditions necessary for the formation/dispersal of various types of cloud.

2.5 Visibility

2.5.1 Know the method used in meteorological forecasts and reports to determine visibility.

2.5.2 Describe the term ‘runway visual range’.

2.5.3 Give reasons for differences between ‘inflight’ and ‘reported’ visibility.

2.5.4 List meteorological factors that will reduce inflight visibility.

2. Meteorology

2.6 Winds – general

2.6.1 Describe the relationship between pressure and wind and apply Buys Ballot’s law to assess the approximate location of high and low pressure systems.

2.6.2 Differentiate between:

(a) squalls and gusts; and

(b) backing and veering.

2.6.3 Compare surface and gradient winds in terms of direction and strength.

2.6.4 List the ‘factors’ that effect the diurnal variation of wind and describe typical ‘variations’ in surface wind strength during a 24-hour period.

2.7 Air masses and fronts

2.7.1 Describe typical ‘flying weather’ associated with the following:

(a) cold fronts;

(b) warm fronts;

(d) occluded fronts;

(e) tropical cyclones;

(f) the equatorial trough.

2.7.2 For subsection 2.7.1 above, ‘flying weather’ embraces the following:

(a) temperature (warmer/colder);

(b) wind changes (back/veer, stronger/weaker);

(d) cloud type and approximate amount, precipitation.

2.5.4 List meteorological factors that will reduce inflight visibility.

2. Meteorology

2.6 Winds – general

2.8.1 With respect to the phenomena listed below in subclause 2.8.2, do the following:

(a) state the conditions that are favourable to the development of the phenomenon and, where applicable, its dispersal;

(b) recognise signs which may indicate the presence of each phenomenon;

(d) where applicable, state the pilot actions required to minimise the effect of the phenomenon on an aircraft in flight.

2.8.2 The following is a list of meteorological phenomena that is for the purposes of subclause 2.8.1:

(i) thermals, turbulence;

(ii) dust devils and dust storms;

(iii) wind gradient, wind shear and low-level jetstreams;

(iv) anabatic and katabatic winds;

(v) mountain waves and fohn winds;

(vi) land and sea breezes;

(vii) inversions and fog;

(viii) thunderstorms and microbursts;

(ix) downdrafts associated with terrain/cloud;

(x) atmospheric stability and instability;

(xi) hoar frost, rime, and clear airframe ice;

(xii) tropical cyclones, tornadoes.

2. Meteorology

2.9 Synoptic meteorology

2.9.1 Given a MSL analysis chart, identify:

(a) high and low pressure systems; and

(b) a trough, a ridge, a col; and

(d) a tropical cyclone; and

(e) approximate wind direction.

2.9.2 Describe typical weather characteristics associated with the items listed in 2.9.1 (a) and (b) above in the following terms:

(a) approximate wind direction;

(b) moisture content (dry or humid);

(d) clear skies;

(e) turbulent or smooth air;

(f) good or poor visibility.

2. Meteorology

2.10 Weather services

2.10.1 For given locations, determine from CASA documents the availability of aviation forecasts, meteorological reports and weather briefing and state the method of obtaining this information.

2.10.2 State/select the conditions under which it is mandatory to obtain a forecast.

2.10.3 For information contained in an ARFOR, TAF, TTF, METAR, SPECI, AIRMET or SIGMET, do the following:

(a) explain the coded information in plain language;

(b) decide whether a particular forecast is valid for a flight;

2.10.4 Given a typical weather briefing, evaluate weather information applicable to a flight, and:

(a) assess likely changes (both improving and deteriorating) in weather during the flight; and

(b) list phenomena which may adversely affect the flight.

2.10.5 List the conditions that require a pilot to submit a short AIREP.

2.10.6 State the purpose of VOLMET and ATIS broadcasts indicate how this information is obtained and apply this information to practical scenarios.

2.10.7 State what is meant by a Hazard Alert service.

2. Meteorology

2.11 Climatology

2.11.1 Describe typical seasonal weather conditions in different regions of Australia with reference to:

(a) visibility (good/poor); and

(b) prevailing winds; and

(d) seasonal pressure and frontal systems, including the ITCZ and equatorial trough; and

(e) tropical cyclones.

Unit 1.9.5 COPC: CPL operations, performance and planning – all aircraft categories

2. Flight planning and performance

2.1 Density height

2.1.1 Using the methods under subsection 2.1.2, determine density height, given the following:

(a) OAT and pressure height;

(b) using cockpit temperature and an altimeter setting of 1013.2 hPa.

2.1.2 For subsection 2.1.1, the methods are the following:

(a) density altitude charts;

(b) manual computer;

(d) mathematics.

2. Flight planning and performance

2.2 Take-off and landing

2.2.1 Use the flight manual to extract maximum structural take-off and landing weights mentioned in subsection 2.2.2 according to the requirements mentioned in subsection 2.2.3.

2.2.2 Given a typical flight scenario, for the items mentioned in subsection 2.2.3, use performance charts to extract the following:

(a) maximum take-off weight;

(b) maximum landing weight;

(d) landing distance required (LDR);

(e) climb weight limit;

(f) take-off parameters – power, flap setting, take-off safety speed;

(g) landing parameters – flap, threshold speed and state the conditions on which the parameters listed in (f) and (g) are based.

2.2.3 For subsection 2.2, the following requirements apply:

(a) apply information extracted from ERSA;

(b) determine TODA and LDA at a ground ALA;

(d) extract/derive entry parameters for take-off and landing charts viz:

(i) temperature and pressure;

(ii) take-off and landing weights;

(e) extract structural weight limits from a flight manual.

3. Climb, cruise and descent performance

3.1.1 From typical charts or tables, determine the following data for climb, cruise and descent:

(a) time, speed, distance, fuel flow/quantity;

(b) appropriate engine settings;

(d) the conditions under which an aeroplane will achieve maximum range and endurance.

3.1.2 Determine the following, using the fuel units of US gal, kg, litres:

(a) best air and ground nm/unit of fuel;

(b) least fuel/air or ground nm.

4. Weight and balance

4.1 Weight calculations

4.1.1 Calculate the following:

(a) mid-zone weight;

(b) landing weight;

4.2 Loading

4.2.1 Explain the following terms:

(a) arm, moment, datum, station, index unit;

(b) CG and CG limits;

(d) empty weight, ZFW, ramp weight;

(e) maximum take-off and maximum landing weights;

(f) floor loading limits.

4.2.2 Demonstrate the ability to:

(a) express CG as a % of MAC;

(b) determine CG position relative to the datum;

4. Weight and balance

4.2.3 Given appropriate data use a typical loading system or a load sheet to distribute load to maintain CG within limits throughout a flight. This objective requires the ability to perform 1 or more of the following tasks:

(a) extract the following weight limits from a flight manual:

(i) empty weight ZFW;

(ii) maximum structural take-off and landing weight.

(b) determine the following:

(i) maximum payload;

(ii) maximum load per station;

(iii) maximum floor loading capacities;

(iv) fore and aft CG limits for a given/derived weight;

(v) weight of fuel/ballast to be carried;

(i) the maximum payload/fuel that may be carried;

(ii) ballast requirements, if any;

(iii) the position of the CG under different load configurations.

5. Flight plan preparation

5.1.1 Apply the responsibilities of a pilot in command with regard to weather and operational briefing prior to planning a VFR flight.

5.1.2 Given a route applicable to the level of licence and type of operation viz. OCTA/CTA, do the following:

(a) select appropriate visual charts for the flight;

(b) list the operations for which it is mandatory to obtain meteorological and operational briefing;

(d) apply CASA requirements/instructions for flight notification of VFR flights and state the preferred methods of submitting this notification.

5.1.3 Given an aerodrome forecast determine whether holding or alternate requirements apply and if so, for the following:

(a) nominate an appropriate alternate aerodrome;

(b) determine the quantity of additional fuel required for holding or flight to the alternate.

5. Flight plan preparation

5.2 Flight planning

5.2.1 Reserved

5.2.2 For a domestic flight plan form:

(a) given the following:

(i) a typical training navigation route (OCTA/CTA), as applicable;

(ii) appropriate weather and operational briefing;

(iii) aircraft (type) planning data and fuel at start up; and

(b) apply the fuel policy described in CAAP 234-1(0); and

(d) enter information correctly in the flight plan form; and

(e) submit appropriate flight notification details; and

(f) determine minimum (safe) fuel and endurance; and

(g) demonstrate accuracy in computations:

(i) HDG +/- 5^o, ETI +/- 2 mins; and

(ii) fuel and endurance +5%.

5. Flight plan preparation

5.2.3 Given the following:

(a) a departure place and 2 landing points;

(b) weather and operational briefing;

(d) appropriate performance data;

then complete a flight plan form after considering the following aspects:

(e) selection of safe route(s) and cruise levels to comply with VFR;

(f) selection of cruise levels in accordance with the table of cruising levels;

(g) fuel for the flight, holding fuel, fuel to an alternate aerodrome, and specified reserves;

(h) weight limitation and aeroplane balance requirements;

(i) latest departure time.

5. Flight plan preparation

5.2.4 Given a typical commercial task, including the following, do the things mentioned in paragraphs (d), (e), (f) and (g):

(a) departure and landing points within and/or outside controlled airspace;

(b) weather and operational briefing;

then:

(d) select safe routes to comply to VFR;

(e) select cruise levels as follows:

(i) to comply with VFR and the table of cruising levels;

(ii) which meet passenger and fuel economy requirements;

(f) determine the following:

(iii) the minimum (safe) fuel required;

(iv) the maximum payload (passengers/cargo and fuel) that may be carried;

(v) whether intermediate refuelling is necessary;

(vi) ETD and ETA after considering day VFR requirements, flight/duty time limitations and commercial considerations;

(g) complete a flight plan form and a loading system.

5. Flight plan preparation

5.3 Equi-time point (ETP), point of no return (PNR), diversions

5.3.1 Given fuel on board, use planned/given ground speed to decide which of the following courses of action would require the least fuel (including reserves):

(a) proceed to destination;

(b) return to the departure aerodrome;

5.3.2 Calculate time and distance to an ETP or PNR between 2 points, using planned or given data.

Unit 1.9.6 COPA: CPL operations, performance and planning – aeroplane

2. Operational knowledge

2.1 Aerodromes and aeroplane landing areas (ALAs)

2.1.1 ALAs are included as a topic in this syllabus pursuant to a pilot’s responsibilities in accordance with CASA regulations.

2.1.2 Explain and apply the following terms used in CASA publications and documents:

(a) take-off safety speed;

(b) take-off distance available (TODA);

(d) landing distance available (LDA);

(e) landing distance required (LDR).

2.1.3 Determine whether a given aerodrome or ALA is suitable for an aeroplane to take-off and land safety in accordance with guidelines contained in CASA guidance material.

2. Operational knowledge

2.2 Climb, cruise and descent performance

2.2.1 From typical charts or tables extract/determine the following data for climb, cruise and descent:

(a) time, speed, distance, fuel flow/quantity;

(b) appropriate engine settings;

(d) the conditions under which an aeroplane will achieve maximum range and endurance.

2.2.2 Determine the:

(a) best air and ground nm/unit of fuel (for example, 2.5 nm/kg);

(b) least fuel/air or ground nm (for example, 0.4 kg/nm).

3. Fuel units

3.1.1 Using US Gal, kg and litres, estimate:

(a) mid-zone weight;

(b) landing weight;

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